Readiness Review
A work activity that occurs prior to initial start-up or restarting a process unit to verify that the condition of process equipment and safety systems, the status of limiting conditions for operations, and in some cases, the training and qualification status of personnel conform to predefined conditions. Also Operational readiness review and pre-start-up readiness review.
Rearrangement
Disproportionation, isomerization or tautomerization.
Receptor
An instrument, person, or hypothetical location where the pollutant concentration is observed or calculated.
Recirculation cavity
A volume downwind of an obstacle where the flow recirculates.
Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practice (RAGAGEP)
"Recognized and generally accepted good engineering practice", a term originally used by OSHA, stems from the selection and application of appropriate engineering, operating, and maintenance knowledge when designing, operating and maintaining chemical facilities with the purpose of ensuring safety and preventing process safety incidents.
It involves the application of engineering, operating or maintenance activities derived from engineering knowledge and industry experience based upon the evaluation and analyses of appropriate internal and external standards, applicable codes, technical reports, guidance, or recommended practices or documents of a similar nature. RAGAGEP can be derived from singular or multiple sources and will vary based upon individual facility processes, materials, service, and other engineering considerations.
Recommendation
A suggested course of action intended to prevent the occurrence (or recurrence) of an accident event sequence, or to mitigate its consequences.
Recovery Factors
Feedback factors that limit or prevent the undesirable consequences of a human error.
Redo
To conduct a new PHA.
Reduced Explosion Pressure, Pred
The maximum pressure developed in a vented enclosure during a vented deflagration, or during deflagration suppression.
Reduced Pressure (Pred)
The maximum pressure developed in a vented enclosure during a vented deflagration.
Reducing Agent
In a reduction reaction (which always occurs simultaneously with an oxidation reaction) the reducing agent is the chemical or substance which 1) combines with oxygen and 2) loses electrons in the reaction. See also, "Oxidizing Agent". Importance: If a material is listed as a reducing agent on the MSDS, precautions must be taken in the handling and storage of the substance. Keep separate from oxidizing agents.
Redundancy
The existence of more than one means of performing a required function or for representing information.
Redundancy Scheme
A system, or part thereof, made up of N independent channels, which are so connected that M channels are sufficient for successful operation.
Redundant
A parallel path in a system structure to improve the system safety or reliability.
Reflected pressure
Impulse or pressure experienced by an object facing a blast.
Reflux
A system condition in which a component in the reaction system (usually a solvent or diluent) is continuously boiled off, condensed in a nearby condenser and subsequently re-supplied to the reaction system. Reflux is often applied to operate at a preset temperature or to avoid operating at unacceptably high temperatures.
Refrigerated Liquid
A gas that is maintained as liquid at temperatures at or below ambient temperature to reduce the storage pressure. This includes fully refrigerated LP-Gas for pressures near atmospheric pressure but not exceeding 15 psi (103 kPa) and semi refrigerated LP-Gas for pressures above 15 psi (103 kPa). (NFPA 58)
Regional Deposited Dose
The deposited dose (per unit surface area, mg/cm2) of particles calculated for the respiratory tract region of interest.
Register
A storage device having a specified storage capacity such as bit a byte or a computer word and usually intended for a special purpose.
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
A system developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in which a nine position alphanumeric designation is assigned to a chemical name.
Related criteria
Audit criteria derived from good, successful, common, or best practices in PSM that are not considered compliance issues, but supplement and improve a PSM program that meets the minimum compliance requirements. The evaluation of PSM management systems and the internal controls they impose are performed using related criteria.
Relaxation Time (t)
Time constant equal to the time in seconds for charge to decay by Ohm's Law to e-1 (36.7%) of its initial value. For a capacitor, the time constant (s) is the product of resistance (W) and capacitance (F). For a charged material sample, either solid or liquid, the time constant is the product of permittivity (F/m) and resistivity (W-m).
Relay Ladder Diagram
Synonymous with Ladder Diagram.
Reliability
Core attribute of a protection layer related to the probability that the equipment operates according to its specification for a stated period of time under all relevant conditions.
Reliability Analysis
The determination of reliability of a process, system, or equipment.
Reliability Parameters
The collection of mathematically defined properties (e.g., Reliability, Availability, Dependability) used in reliability engineering to describe the behavior of systems and their elements, such as chemical processes, process systems, equipment and their components. (See Appendix E.)
Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM)
A systematic analysis approach for evaluating equipment failure impacts on system performance and determining specific strategies for managing the identified equipment failures. The failure management strategies may include preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, inspections, testing, and/or one-time changes (e.g., design improvements, operational changes).
Remaining Life
An estimate, based on inspection results, of the time it will take for an equipment item to reach a defined retirement criterion (e.g., minimum wall thickness).
Remote Input/Output Station (RIOS)
A manufacturer's catalogued part of a PES including Input and/or Output interfaces allowed to operate only under the hierarchy of the Main Processing Unit (MPU), for I/O multiplexing/demultiplexing and data preprocessing/postprocessing. The RIOS is only permitted limited autonomous operation (e.g., under emergency conditions such as breakdown of the communication link to the MPU or of the MPU itself, or when maintenance and troubleshooting operations are to be performed).
Repair Time
The time necessary to identify and repair a fault. The average detection and repair time is called the MTTR. Dimension (Time).
Repeat-back
A method of communication that requires the receiver to repeat the message back to the sender to validate that the appropriate message was received.
Replacement-in-kind (RIK)
An item (equipment, chemical, procedure, etc.) that meets the design specification of the item it is replacing. This can be an identical replacement or any other alternative specifically provided for in the design specification, as long as the alternative does not in any way adversely affect the use of the item or associated items.
Representative Set (of incidents)
A selection of incidents designed so as to contain one or more incidents from each of the three incident classes (localized, major, and catastrophic).
Representative Unit
A unit part of a unit that is covered by the PSM program that is being audited. When the potential scope of the audit would include a large number of units or equipment, focus units are sometimes used to help the auditors select records and documents for review, and people to interview, so that these inputs are sampled from a small number of selected units which are then considered typical of all covered units.
Resistance
The property of conductors, depending on material, dimensions, and temperature, which determines the current produced by a given difference of potential, expressed in ohms.
Resistivity
The volume resistance of a sample of material having unit length and cross-sectional area. If the length is expressed in meters and the area in square meters, the resistivity is given in ohm-meters.
Resolution
Management's determination of what needs to be done in response to an audit finding (and/or associated recommendation), incident investigation team recommendation, risk analysis team recommendation, and so forth. During the resolution step, management accepts, rejects for cause, or modifies each recommendation. If the recommendation is accepted, an action plan for its implementation will typically be identified as part of the resolution. (See Implementation.)
Resource
See Data resource.
Resources
The labor effort, capital and operating costs, and other inputs that must be provided to execute work activities and produce work products.
Respiratory System
The breathing system; in includes the lungs and air passages (trachea or "windpipe", larynx, mouth, and nose) to the air outside the body, plus the associated nervous and circulatory supply. Importance: Inhalation is the most common route of exposure in the occupational workplace.
Response
A security strategy to neutralize the adversary or to evacuate, shelter in place, call local authorities, control a release, or take other mitigation actions.
Responsibility
The single person who has been assigned and has accepted the ultimate accountability for the development and or implementation a program, its separate activities, as well as its success or failure. There can be only one person with the ultimate responsibility for something. Although accountability enters into this definition, that term is used separately in this book.
Responsible Care©
An initiative implemented by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) in 1988 to assist in leading chemical processing industry companies in ethical ways that increasingly benefit society, the economy and the environment while adhering to ten key principles.
Restart, Cold Start
Restart of the PES and its Application Program after all dynamic data (Variables such as I/O Image, internal Registers, Timers, Counters, etc., and Program Contexts) are reset to a predetermined state. A Cold Restart may be automatic (e.g., after a Power Failure, a loss of information in the dynamic portions of the memories of manual (e.g., push-button reset, etc.)).
Restart, Hot Restart
Restart after power failure which occurs within the process dependent maximum time allowed for the PES to recover as if there had been no power failure. All I/O-information and other dynamic data as well as the Application Program context are restored or unchanged. Restart capability requires a separately powered real time clock or timer to determine elapsed time since the power failure was detected and a user accessible means to program the process dependent maximum time allowed.
Restart, Warm Restart
Restart after Power Failure with a user programmed predetermined set of dynamic data and a system predetermined Application Program context. A Warm Restart is identified by a status flag or equivalent means made available to the Application Program indicating that the Power Failure shutdown of the PES was deleted in the RUM mode.
Retains
The amount of a substance left behind during chemical processing. Also refers to samples retained for reference after undergoing analysis.
Retrofit, Update, and Revalidate
To correct substantive deficiencies in the prior PHA, and then update and revalidate it (See Update and Revalidate).
Revealed Failure
A failure that may be immediately or almost immediately apparent through an alarm or indicator system. This can lead to corrective action within a relatively short period of time.
Revealed Faults
A failure may be immediately or almost immediately apparent through an alarm or indicator system. This can lead to corrective action within a relatively short period of time.