Thermal energy, mechanical energy, and electrical energy are the three main sources of energy that a plant can utilize to transform its feed into a salable product. Thermal and electrical energy can be purchased or, as alternative, can be generated by the plant itself. Cogeneration allows a...

This article will give a brief overview of DNA research and the history of DNA sequencing. It will describe in detail the steps behind DNA sequencing for three different sequencing technologies. It will also explain how genome assembly is facilitated by digital bioinformatics programs....

This article will describe how to convert existing highway addressable remote transducer (HART)-based wired instruments to wireless, and how to integrate those instruments into a new or legacy control system.

If a wastewater treatment plant is not operating properly, it may be because you expect it to do something it was not intended to do, or it was badly specified, badly designed, badly constructed, badly commissioned, badly operated, badly maintained — or a combination of these things....

Stop using operator error as an excuse. Apply human factors considerations to improve your alarm system and help operators respond to alarms effectively.

The article may address:

• What are boilers? What are some typical applications? What are the most common types of boilers?
• What are the components in a traditional boiler system?
• Importance of water softeners – effects of scale buildup
...

Condition monitoring enhances the reliability of equipment, improves operational efficiency, and reduces operating costs. Various techniques, including vibration signal analysis and acoustic emission testing, can be used to detect faults and keep equipment running.

Engineers need to characterize particle properties effectively in order to solve processing problems and ensure product quality. In recent years, new online technologies have emerged as alternatives to traditional methods of sampling and offline analysis. In-process measurement approaches, which...