Your first time in a plant can be a daunting experience.  There are so many hazards that exist, but there are also many, many safeguards to protect you.  Many of these are from design and construction.  Additional controls are put in from layout and instrumentation.  One...

This article will present the organization and implementation of a do-it-yourself assessment program.

Having completed approximately 200 energy audits of industrial facilities, the author has developed a checklist approach to planning an energy assessment, preparing the documents, details...

The flow pattern and stresses within the bulk material during discharge from silo, bins, hoppers, etc. depend on internal friction between the particles, friction between particles and wall, and the inclination of the converging section of the vessel. The discharge rate of particulate solids (...

In recent years, there has been a general trend toward fixed valves instead of moving valves on distillation trays. This article describes various types of mass-transfer devices -- bubble cap trays, sieve trays, moving valves, fixed valves; explains their advantages and disadvantages; and offers...

During process development and scale-up, different design and fabrication methods must be applied at each scale. This article discusses the differences between the objectives of the pilot plant and those of the full-scale design, outlines practical techniques for minimizing technical and...