Introductory Remarks

To achieve predictive controls on reactive fluid-solid interactions, the advancement of in-operando cross-scale characterization methods is essential. This approach allows us to simultaneously characterize dynamic chemical and morphological changes in materials in fluidic environments and identify transient and metastable states of matter at far-from-equilibrium conditions. In this study, we harness synchrotron in-operando Ultra-Small, Small, and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (USAXS/SAXS/WAXS) and X-ray tomography measurements to elucidate the microstructural and structural features in materials from the sub-nanometer to the micrometer scales. We harness this approach to elucidate the underlying mechanisms associated with the capture, conversion and storage of CO₂ as Ca- and Mg-bearing carbonates via carbon mineralization. These characterization approaches provide insights into new approaches to design multiphase reaction environments in gas-solid, gas-liquid-solid, and liquid-solid configuration modes for accelerated carbon mineralization.