(40f) Mechanistic Understanding of the Nanoparticle Self-Assembly By Coupling Inter-Particle Forces from Real-Time Measurements

Superlattice structures formed by nanoparticle (NP) self-assembly have attracted increasing attention due to their potential as a novel class of nanomaterials with enhanced physicochemical properties tailored by the assembly structure.[1] For instance, rationally designing superlattice patterns with defined separation distances can play an important role in controlling properties such as surface plasmon resonance. However, many key questions remain regarding the correlation between the dynamics of individual NPs and the emerging superlattice patterns. Such self-assemblies directly result from a subtle balance between various forces between NPs over different length scales. Brownian force (F_Br) resulting from thermal energy triggers motions of NPs. The van der Waals force (F_vdW) between NPs is generally a major attractive force at close separations, whereas the hydrodynamic force (F_D), electrostatic force (F_elec), hydration force (F_hy), and steric hindrance force (F_Sh) are repulsive forces.

To gain insights into the self-assembly process, we conducted in situ liquid cell TEM (LCTEM) experiments and monitored the silver or gold NP assembly process in real time to reveal the kinetics and the driving sources of assembly process under various experimental conditions, such as solvents and ligands.

To understand kinetic details of the process, the self-assembly of gold NPs are further analyzed by calculating the contributions of various forces involved [3-4]. Our results show that these forces, including F_Br, F_vdW, F_el, and F_D, and their interplay play a key role in NP self-assembly process. The superlattice structure can be controlled via solvents or ligands.

These results provide insights into the complex competition between forces at different scales. The obtained knowledge of interactions between surface coating materials can be extended to a wide range of ligands with different chain lengths, functionalized groups, or biodegradable polymers that can be applied to the fields of material synthesis, bio-mineralization, bio-sensors, or electronic devices.

References:

[1] M Boles, M Engel, and D. V. Talapin. Chemical reviews 116, (2016), p11220-11289.

[2] J. M. Yuk, J. Park, P.Ercius, K. Kim, D. J. Hellebusch, M. F. Crommie, J. Y. Lee, A. Zettl,; A. P. Alivisatos, , Science 336, (2012), p61-64.

[3] W.B. Russel, W B. Russel, D. A Saville and W. R. Schowalter, in “Colloidal dispersions”, ed G.K. Batchelor (Cambridge university press, New York) p3-22

[4] J. N. Israelachvili, in “Intermolecular and surface forces”, Academic press, (Elsevier, Santa Barbara) p3-22