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Petrochemicals

Designing LNG Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zones to Protect the Public

Apr 5, 2012
Jerry Havens
The LNG industry, if not the entire energy industry, may be at a crossroad. Expectation of large shale gas supplies in the United States, with a backdrop of international economies in precarious states, makes more uncertain the promise of major investments in LNG import facilities. Already, a...

Modeling of LNG Spills Into Trenches and Troughs

Apr 5, 2012
Nicolas F. Ponchaut
Trenches and troughs are commonly used in LNG storage and transfer facilities to contain potential LNG spills. The trenches are concrete-lined rectangular channels dug into the ground. They are typically slightly inclined from the horizontal to direct the flow of LNG towards the sump and they are...

Service Life Prediction of 9% Ni Steel LNG Storage Tank Using Fatigue Analysis

Apr 5, 2012
Seung-Rim Lee
As the design life expiration date(about 25 years) approaches for domestic LNG storage tank, the issue of tank lifetime extension is paid more and more attention by the Korea LNG industry. Recently, Korea Gas Safety Corporation is carrying out a project for developing technologies and standards for...

Evaluation of Dispersion Models for LNG Siting Applications

Apr 4, 2012
Andrew Kohout
The federal safety standards for LNG facilities under 49 CFR Part 193 approves the use of specific dispersion models for performing vapor-gas dispersion exclusion zones. In addition, provisions allow for the use of alternative models if approved by PHMSA. In 2010, PHMSA, in consultation with FERC,...

Hydroprocessing Design - Tutorial

Apr 4, 2012
Stuart Shih
Hydroprocessing or hydrotreating is the key technology to clean, to refine, and to convert crude oils into valuable products, such as gasoline and diesel. It covers a wide range of feed stocks and numerous configurations. The tutorial will discuss process configuration, material selection, and heat...

NOx Risk Mitigation for the Co-Feeding of Natural Gas to the Sasol CTL Complex

Apr 4, 2012
Michael Schnobel
Natural gas has been a co-feedstock to the reformers in the Sasol CTL complex since 2004. A more beneficial way is to re-route natural gas to the cryogenic separation unit and thus only reform the separated methane in the natural gas feed. However, introducing NO x into the cryogenic separation...

Tutorial on Hydroprocessing: ìHydroprocessing Catalysts and Processesî

Apr 4, 2012
Paul Robinson
The products of petroleum refining must meet tight specifications, including limits on sulfur, nitrogen, olefins, aromatics, and other contaminants. Hydrotreating removes these contaminants from distilled crude oil fractions and intermediate process streams. Hydrocracking converts heavy oil...

Dynamic Simulation: Value During LNG Process Design and Beyond

Apr 4, 2012
Kenneth V. Allsford
A contributor to complex/large project management difficulty is uncertainty gaps – gaps between the information required and that readily available within the project organization. Moreover, for large projects, information is generally spread among many professional personnel across multiple...

Guidelines for Jetting and Flashing LNG Vapor Exclusion Zone Analysis

Apr 4, 2012
Delmar R. Morrison
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has been a growing energy resource in the U.S., for which significant import and storage infrastructure was developed in the past decade. The infrastructure for liquefaction and export has also been developing as a result of recent shale gas finds in North America. In...

Design Challenges in Tankage Modernization

Apr 4, 2012
James Kong
In order to comply with regulation requirements, a refinery needs to perform major revamps to produce different grades of Diesel, namely ULSD, Off-road Grade and Regular Diesel. The existing tankage allocation needs to be changed to accommodate the hydrotreater feed components and the new products...

Anti-Surge Methods for the Base Load LNG Plant Propane Compressor

Apr 4, 2012
J. C. Kuo
The propane compressor represents a significant capital investment and operating expense of a LNG plant, and is an essential component in providing revenue streams of the plant. Therefore, operation and protection of the propane compressor are critical issues in the plant design and operation. The...

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