2012

Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) was introduced about 15 years ago as a simplified risk assessment method between HAZOP (Process Hazard Analysis [PHA]) and quantitative risk assessment (QRA). This introduction was timely; LOPA was quickly adopted world-wide. The rules for independent protection...

PT Badak NGL utilizes groundwater for Plants and Community water consumption. Demineralization water production in PT Badak NGL uses ion exchange process which has high safety risk since it utilizes sulfuric acid and caustic for ion exchanger regeneration. The sulfuric acid sometimes leaks out from...

The term “Appropriate Placement” was introduced in Pinch Analysis during the 1980s to indicate how special unit operations should be correctly integrated with the background process to ensure maximum energy savings. Pinch Analysis has provided guidelines for the design of heat exchanger networks as...

Goal of the Project The primary goal of the project is the creation of composite fuels for combustion processes containing biomass, coal, coal residues, crude oil processing residues, and other combustible material for effective firing in power plants The principal technological approach is...

Hydroprocessing or hydrotreating is the key technology to clean, to refine, and to convert crude oils into valuable products, such as gasoline and diesel. It covers a wide range of feed stocks and numerous configurations. The tutorial will discuss process configuration, material selection, and heat...

In 2006, the United States EPA mandated the use of 15 ppmw ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) for on-road diesel fuel. At that time several refiners either revamped existing facilities or constructed grass roots facilities to meet the specification. Some facilities did not implement ULSD process...

This paper will give an overview of the current status of jet fuels production from hydrotreating of biooils, including vegetable oils and microalgae oils. Hydrotreating of biooils is different from the conventional hydrotreating process; there are two reasons: 1) Different routes. There are at...

Energy efficiency has become an important theme in the process industries, and many companies have implemented sophisticated strategies to improve both the design and the operation of their plants. However, many efficiency improvements are possible simply by doing basic things right. This article...

Evaluation of Management of Safety Barries for Major Hazard Accidents The last accidents in the process industries have demonstrated and intensified the importance of the safety barriers to prevent the occurrence of accidents. The safety barriers, that are called preventive, if the barrier could...

LNG facilities could harm the personnel on site and jeopardize local communities nearby, due to the flammability and dense gas behaviors of LNG. Nowadays, the growing concern with chemical process safety leads to the timely establishment of regulations and standards regarding to consequence...