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Fossil Fuels

Improved Centrifugal Pump Performance with Counter Helical Inducer Housing Grooves

Mar 22, 2010
Sarah D. Alison-Youel
Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) is closely related to inducer performance and is an important requirement for overall pump performance. The ability of an inducer to propagate fluid towards the impeller inlet is greatly diminished as the fluid begins to rotate with the impeller blades. By...

Timeline of Sabine Pass LNG Terminal

Mar 22, 2010
Darron Granger
This paper describes on a month by month basis the timeline of milestones accomplished in Conceptual design, Front End Engineering Design (FEED) both pre-FEED and full-FEED, local, state, and federal permitting, EPC activities for both Phase one and Phase two. Project cost for both phases is...

Flare Minimization at LNG Receiving Terminal

Mar 22, 2010
Qiang Xu
The LNG (liquefied natural gas) receiving terminal is an important sector of the entire LNG value chain. The handling of boil-off gas (BOG) during LNG re-gasification at LNG-receiving terminals significantly influences the BOG flare emission and the energy consumption. In this paper, thermodynamic...

Does Your SIS System Still Comply with Your LOPA and SRS?

Mar 22, 2010
It is often assumed that a SIS system forever meets all the SIS requirements of the project Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and Safety System Requirements (SRS). In reviewing a number of installed refinery SIS systems with respect to maintenance issues and operational issues a pattern starts...

Oxygen/Combustible Safeguards in Low Nox Fired Heaters

Mar 22, 2010
Edward M. Marszal
Refineries have been installing low NOx equipment on their fired heaters in response to tighter environmental regulation. Low NOx burners minimize air ingress in locations other than directly at the burner, and internally recirculate flue gas in the heater firebox. They operate on much narrower...

Loop Tuning Basics

Mar 22, 2010
James Beall
There are many methods to tune PID controllers. This presentation provides a tutorial on tuning PID process controllers using Internal Model Control (IMC) concepts. This tuning methodology allows the user to “coordinate” the response of related controllers to optimize the process performance rather...

Principal Components Analysis for Early Events Detection in Process Operations

Mar 22, 2010
Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique that aims at reducing the problem dimensionality by progressively eliminating redundancy in data. The method has found extensive use in exploratory data analysis as it aids visualization of complex data. Interestingly, the method is...

KPI Controls for Major Refinery Units

Mar 21, 2010
Jeff Z. Yu
Advanced Process Control (APC) solutions are recognized as a process industry best practice and proven investment opportunity in many industries, including oil refining, petrochemicals, chemicals, plastics, polymers, air separation, pulp and paper, solids and drying, building products, life...

New Technology Enhances Model Predictive Control

Mar 21, 2010
Charles Cutler
The standard way of testing a process causes the configuration and tuning of the PID control system for the process to be embedded in the model developed for the Model Predictive Controller (MPC). New technology has become available that can be used to interchange the independent variables with the...

Impact of Carbon Cap and Trade on Refinery Conservation Economics

Mar 21, 2010
Stan Polcar
A program directed at the reduction of green house gas (GHG) emissions has been the object of increased focus in US public policy. This is evident by the House of Representatives passing The American Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454) in June 2009 and the EPA actively pursuing ways in which the...

Effective Diffusivity Measurement in Coke-Deactivated Hydrotreating Catalyst

Mar 21, 2010
Roberto E. Galiasso Tailleur
The effective diffusivity of two fresh and two spent catalysts, previously deactivated for 18 months in a commercial unit, were determined. The effective diffusivities were measured using a shallow-bed reactor already developed for this purpose. Nitrogen, isopentane and isooctane effective...

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