Fossil Fuels

U.S. regulations for the siting of LNG facilities require LNG spills to be collected into impounded areas and the impoundments must be sited in such a way that LNG vapor clouds formed as a result of defined spills dissipate to below ½ LFL before reaching a property line that can be built upon [1]...

The trend of processing heavy and sour crude is resulting in 'fuel long' refineries which seek to export energy in the form of refinery fuel gas or are looking for other ways to extract value from the fuel gas system. There are common solutions that either are applicable to a few selected high-...

(Please Note: the audio does not start until 5 minutes 20 seconds as the speaker's microphone was not turned on.) A number of models have been proposed for the prediction of fouling rates in heat exchangers forming the pre-heat trains used in crude oil distillation units. Most of these models...

Koch Nitrogen, like every chemical plant, has a few rotating machines in the realm of critical where words like human safety, explosion, months to repair and plant stoppage are commonly used. In May of 2008, Koch Nitrogen commissioned a brand new 8100 rpm, 1500 hp turbo expander. This plant has 1...

Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique that aims at reducing the problem dimensionality by progressively eliminating redundancy in data. The method has found extensive use in exploratory data analysis as it aids visualization of complex data. Interestingly, the method is...

Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) is closely related to inducer performance and is an important requirement for overall pump performance. The ability of an inducer to propagate fluid towards the impeller inlet is greatly diminished as the fluid begins to rotate with the impeller blades. By...

Increased emphasis is being placed on renewable, sustainable, domestic forms of energy, including transportation fuels, at national, state and local levels. Successful deployment of alternative solutions to petroleum-based liquid fuels for the transportation industry is dependent upon technical,...

This paper describes on a month by month basis the timeline of milestones accomplished in Conceptual design, Front End Engineering Design (FEED) both pre-FEED and full-FEED, local, state, and federal permitting, EPC activities for both Phase one and Phase two. Project cost for both phases is...

This paper intends to discuss one of the most neglected areas in the LNG plants. This area involves the ship-and-shore operating philosophy and interaction and BOG (boil-off gas) management. It involves the design considerations, operating philosophy and safety aspects of the LNG plants. It also...

Use of aviation fuel currently corresponds to 2-3% of the total fossil fuels used worldwide, or 13% of fossil fuel used in transportation fuel. Aviation fuel use is the second biggest sector after road transportation, which consumes 80 percent. Further, the aviation industry is expecting to grow at...