Fossil Fuels

This paper intends to discuss one of the most neglected areas in the LNG plants. This area involves the ship-and-shore operating philosophy and interaction and BOG (boil-off gas) management. It involves the design considerations, operating philosophy and safety aspects of the LNG plants. It also...

Use of aviation fuel currently corresponds to 2-3% of the total fossil fuels used worldwide, or 13% of fossil fuel used in transportation fuel. Aviation fuel use is the second biggest sector after road transportation, which consumes 80 percent. Further, the aviation industry is expecting to grow at...

Crude oil distillation accounts for a large fraction of the energy used in oil refining. Crude oil contains a variety of substances which tend to deposit as fouling layers in heat exchangers, and this results in decreased energy recovery and requires increased energy input to the furnace. CDU pre-...

Hydrostatic testing of piping and vessels designed to handle LNG or other cryogenic liquids is problematic because of the need to remove residual water. Pneumatic pressure testing of piping and vessels at moderate-to-high test pressures is more hazardous than hydrostatic pressure testing because...

Considering the rapidly increasing demand for light olefins in the emerging markets, especially propylene, as petrochemical feedstocks, apart from steam cracking a number of processes such as catalytic cracking and metathesis are being modified and/or developed to enhance the propylene production...

The first use of cryogenic liquefied gas expanders dates back to the late nineties. The proven advantages of incorporating liquid expanders in the LNG liquefaction process lead the way to equip every new liquefaction plant with LNG expanders. The basic design concept of cryogenic expanders has...

Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene is an intriguing alternative to steam cracking for ethylene production. The process operates at high temperatures autothermally eliminating the need for a firebox and at residence times 2-3 orders of magnitude faster than a steam cracker leading to a...

The energy efficiency and throughput of pre-heat trains can be improved by using process integration and through fouling mitigation. In this paper we show how the approaches can be combined in a systematic way. If fouling behaviour is ignored the use of process integration can lead to revamps in...

All refiners—and manufacturers in general—face daunting logistical challenges including supply chain, changing product specifications, carbon legislation, and regulatory compliance. In addition, the industry faces knowledge management issues due to the reality of an aging work force. Information...