Fossil Fuels

CFD Simulation of Vapor Dispersion from LNG Jetting and Flashing Releases

Mar 23, 2010
Filippo Gavelli
The analysis of LNG hazards, particularly in the context of onshore facility siting, has historically focused on the consequences of atmospheric pressure releases, such as would occur in the event of a storage tank breach. Recently, however, the issue of flammable vapor clouds formed by high-...

Impact of MARPOL Annex VI Regulations for Marine Fuels Supply

Mar 23, 2010
Maoqi Feng
The International Maritime Organization's (IMO) has adopted new emissions standards, MARPOL Annex VI, for large ships and their fuels in order to reduce air pollution from the global shipping industry. For the Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA), including North Sea and California, starting from 1...

Cooldown of Large Pipes During the Commissioning Phase of Cryogenic Facilities

Mar 23, 2010
Harri Kytomaa
Cryogenic facilities such as LNG receiving terminals operate at temperatures as low as -260F. During day to day operations, the temperature in the pipes of the facility is relatively uniform, leading to low material stresses in the pipes. However, during exceptional operations, such as the initial...

Full Potential Conversion of Vacuum Resids

Mar 23, 2010
Irv Wiehe
Present vacuum resid conversion processes, either coking or hydroconversion, are far from achieving their maximum conversion. With the remaining petroleum resources, on average, having a greater fraction of the vacuum resid fraction, it is imperative that new resid conversion processes or schemes...

Uncertainties in Modeling LNG Vapor Dispersion with CFD Codes

Mar 23, 2010
Ruifeng Qi
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been widely proposed and developed to predict LNG vapor dispersion behavior and to determine safe separation distances around LNG production storage and transportation facilities. This is largely due to the ability of CFD codes to describe fully the...

Technologies for Enhancing Refinery Gas Value

Mar 23, 2010
The trend of processing heavy and sour crude is resulting in 'fuel long' refineries which seek to export energy in the form of refinery fuel gas or are looking for other ways to extract value from the fuel gas system. There are common solutions that either are applicable to a few selected high-...

Integrated Refinery Cracker, the New Paradigm

Mar 23, 2010
Osman Aboul-Nasr
The new trends in crackers are higher capacity and heavier feedstock. This makes the integration between refineries and crackers significantly more beneficial. The importance of integration becomes a more paramount issue. Since several new refineries and cracker / derivatives complexes are...

Fuel Performance Parameters for Marine Engines

Mar 23, 2010
The regulations for sulfur reduction in marine fuels are impacting the whole spectrum beginning from the production of the fuel in the refineries to the end use in Marine diesel engines. To start with, from 1/1/2010, the European Union regulations call for use of fuel with a maximum of 0.1% sulfur...

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