Fossil Fuels

A Unified Model for LNG Pool Spread and Vapor Dispersion: Is Wind Scooping Really a Factor?

Mar 23, 2010

Filippo Gavelli

U.S. regulations for the siting of LNG facilities require LNG spills to be collected into impounded areas and the impoundments must be sited in such a way that LNG vapor clouds formed as a result of defined spills dissipate to below ½ LFL before reaching a property line that can be built upon [1]...

Fouling by Asphaltenes After and During Conversion

Mar 23, 2010

Irv Wiehe

During resid conversion processes, such as visbreaking or hydroconversion, more saturated pendant groups are cracked off asphaltenes, making them less soluble. Meanwhile, the more saturated volatile liquids formed during the conversion are often nonsolvents for asphaltenes. As a result, these...

CFD Simulation of Vapor Dispersion from LNG Jetting and Flashing Releases

Mar 23, 2010

Filippo Gavelli

The analysis of LNG hazards, particularly in the context of onshore facility siting, has historically focused on the consequences of atmospheric pressure releases, such as would occur in the event of a storage tank breach. Recently, however, the issue of flammable vapor clouds formed by high-...

Turbo-Expander Case History: Knowledge of Turbomachinery Health Helps Make Process Decisions

Mar 23, 2010

Deane Horn

Koch Nitrogen, like every chemical plant, has a few rotating machines in the realm of critical where words like human safety, explosion, months to repair and plant stoppage are commonly used. In May of 2008, Koch Nitrogen commissioned a brand new 8100 rpm, 1500 hp turbo expander. This plant has 1...

Impact of MARPOL Annex VI Regulations for Marine Fuels Supply

Mar 23, 2010

Maoqi Feng

The International Maritime Organization's (IMO) has adopted new emissions standards, MARPOL Annex VI, for large ships and their fuels in order to reduce air pollution from the global shipping industry. For the Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECA), including North Sea and California, starting from 1...

Cooldown of Large Pipes During the Commissioning Phase of Cryogenic Facilities

Mar 23, 2010

Harri Kytomaa

Cryogenic facilities such as LNG receiving terminals operate at temperatures as low as -260F. During day to day operations, the temperature in the pipes of the facility is relatively uniform, leading to low material stresses in the pipes. However, during exceptional operations, such as the initial...

Framework for Selecting Thin-Cake Candle Filter Technology for Removing Solid Contaminant Fines from Recirculating Acid Gas Scrubbing Fluid Streams

Mar 23, 2010

Barry A. Perlmutter

The need for filtration systems in scrubbing units has been well documented. Filtration provides the benefits of reduced hot spots in the regenerator reboiler, reduced heat exchanger fouling and reduction of foaming in the absorbers. This paper discusses thin-cake candle filter technology that is...

Streamlining the Single Event Kinetics Based Simulation of a Catalytic Naphtha Reformer

Mar 23, 2010

Jorge Martinis

A 19 KBPD commercial Catalytic Reforming Unit using a 4-bed stacked reactor for the production of BTX has been simulated. The underlying chemistry of Catalytic Reforming on noble metal-loaded acid catalysts is modeled by means of a computer-generated reaction network consisting of 50,000+...

Energy and Capital Efficiency Differences in Benzene-Toluene Distillation Configurations

Mar 23, 2010

Benzene, toluene and xylene separation is a requirement for the production of the many valuable aromatic based materials used in consumer and industrial products. There are several options in performing these separations by distillation. This paper discusses the energy usage and capital cost...

Full Potential Conversion of Vacuum Resids

Mar 23, 2010

Irv Wiehe

Present vacuum resid conversion processes, either coking or hydroconversion, are far from achieving their maximum conversion. With the remaining petroleum resources, on average, having a greater fraction of the vacuum resid fraction, it is imperative that new resid conversion processes or schemes...

Development of a Model for the Prediction of Fouling in Heat Exchangers Processing Crude Oil

Mar 23, 2010

Graham T. Polley

(Please Note: the audio does not start until 5 minutes 20 seconds as the speaker's microphone was not turned on.) A number of models have been proposed for the prediction of fouling rates in heat exchangers forming the pre-heat trains used in crude oil distillation units. Most of these models...

Uncertainties in Modeling LNG Vapor Dispersion with CFD Codes

Mar 23, 2010

Ruifeng Qi

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been widely proposed and developed to predict LNG vapor dispersion behavior and to determine safe separation distances around LNG production storage and transportation facilities. This is largely due to the ability of CFD codes to describe fully the...

Technologies for Enhancing Refinery Gas Value

Mar 23, 2010

The trend of processing heavy and sour crude is resulting in 'fuel long' refineries which seek to export energy in the form of refinery fuel gas or are looking for other ways to extract value from the fuel gas system. There are common solutions that either are applicable to a few selected high-...

Development of Technologies and Standards for the Life Time Management of LNG Storage Tanks

Mar 23, 2010

As the design life expiration date (about 25 years) approaches for domestic LNG storage tank, the issue of tank lifetime extension is paid more and more attention by the Korea LNG industry. Recently, Korea Gas Safety Corporation is carrying out a project for developing technologies and standards...

Integrated Refinery Cracker, the New Paradigm

Mar 23, 2010

Osman Aboul-Nasr

The new trends in crackers are higher capacity and heavier feedstock. This makes the integration between refineries and crackers significantly more beneficial. The importance of integration becomes a more paramount issue. Since several new refineries and cracker / derivatives complexes are...

Summary of U.S. Goverment and EPA Regulatory Authority for Low Sulfur Marine Fuel Rules

Mar 23, 2010

Robert Joyce

EPA recently proposed &'Control of Emissions from New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters per Cylinder (published August 26, 2009)&' to reflect the emission limits recently adopted in amendments to Annex VI to the International Convention for the Prevention of...

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