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Fossil Fuels

Critical FLNG Project Enablers: Identified Risks and Mitigation

Mar 15, 2011
Joseph H. Cho
Energy demand in the next two decades is expected to increase by 50 percent or more driven by the engine of economic growth. In parallel, the global demand for natural gas is anticipated to grow faster than the overall demand for liquid and fossil fuels. Economical monetization of stranded reserves...

Process Automation During Refinery Unit Transitions

Mar 15, 2011
Robert M. Tsai
Process Automation ideas and technologies have been used sporadically for decades. However, in US refineries, automation technologies are still relatively rare. Critics of the technology will often point to complexity, high upkeep, and difficulty in changing the status quo as stumbling blocks to...

More Refinery H2 through Efficiency, Recovery, and Process Improvements

Mar 15, 2011
Alan Zagoria
Hydrogen is even more important to refiners than it was just a few years ago. Heavier crudes, clean fuels, and increased conversion have increased hydrogen demand. Refiners can face costly choices if forced to adjust refinery operations to respond to hydrogen availability constraints. It is...

Increased Fouling Potential and Mitigation Plans for Heavy Sour Crude Oils

Mar 15, 2011
Parag Shah
It is becoming a widespread norm that refineries are processing an increasing quantity of heavy and sour crudes than ever before. The depleting oil reserves of light sweet crudes have resulted in the need for deeper exploration. Considerable finds in the Orinoco belt of Venezuela, California and...

The Impacts of Tight Gas and Shale to Global LNG Market and Gas

Mar 14, 2011
Jonathan T. Kwan
“Do we have enough gas?” This question asked by former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan in 2003 had prompted him to declare that the US did not have enough natural gas and would be necessary to import liquid natural gas (LNG) to fill the gap of US gas consumption. Many energy companies...

Study on Energy Consumption for Natural Gas Liquefaction

Mar 14, 2011
Qiang Xu
The main purpose of this work is to optimize natural gas liquefaction process by reducing energy consumption. At first, a rigorous simulation of natural gas liquefaction is conducted. Based on the simulation results, the refrigerants and natural gas thermodynamic states along with whole process are...

In-Detail Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Partial Oxidation Reaction by Plasma

Mar 14, 2011
Dae Hoon Lee
In the plasma reforming of hydrocarbon fuels, especially in a partial oxidation process, characteristic parameters of the reaction can be sorted as plasma parameter and reactant condition parameter. Plasma parameter or electric power and voltage-current characteristic determines density of active...

Reliable Innovations on Compressors for LNG Value Chain

Mar 14, 2011
Mirco Ermini
Since the restart of its expansion in 1985 with Woodside plant, OEM has tried to support the growth of LNG market all over the years by introducing always-new technologies for both driver and driven equipments. Nowadays, new challenges are emerging from the market, asking the OEM to give its...

Thermal Plasma Gasification of Different Coals with Carbon Dioxide

Mar 14, 2011
Maoqi Feng
Carbon dioxide emissions from conventional coal-fired power plants constitute the majority CO 2 emissions in the U.S. Mitigation of CO 2 by chemical conversion provides an alternative method to reduce the CO 2 emissions from coal gasification process with the benefit of eliminating energy-intensive...

New Cooling Application: Total Heat Removal From Base Load LNG Plants

Mar 14, 2011
J. C. Kuo
Most new and existing liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants have used dry air cooler (DAC) technology to reject the total heat required to liquefy natural gas. Only a few others are able to overcome environmental issues such as thermal pollution and water limitations using water cooler (WC) technology...

Steam Utility Systems Are Not "Business as Usual" for Chemical Process Simulators

Mar 14, 2011
Jonathan Currie
The operating costs of a typical refinery utility system are so significant that small operational improvements can result in large annual savings. This paper introduces a new utility modelling package designed for PETRONAS to allow in-house modelling and optimization of their refinery and...

New Continuous Coking Process

Mar 14, 2011
Douglas W. Sullivan
NEW CONTINUOUS COKING PROCESS A new coking process can accept resid feed from the conventional resid heater in a coking plant and continuously discharge vapor and dry petroleum coke particles. The process promotes a rapid recovery of volatiles from the resid enabling recovery of more volatiles. It...

Handling LPG Components In LNG Plants

Mar 14, 2011
Stanley Huang
Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) recovery is an inherent part of most Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) production trains. The requirement serves many purposes, such as adjusting the heating value of the product LNG, mitigating the freezing risks caused by specific intermediate and heavy components, and...

Using a Continuous MPC Algorithm to Control An Unsteady Batch Fermentation Process

Mar 14, 2011
William Stewart
Classical MPC has been leveraged to improve control on a nonlinear unsteady-state system, batch alcohol fermentation. The controller uses a hybrid model with fundamental reaction equations along with empirical process data-based modeling. More than thirty lines of batch quality control have been...

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