Fossil Fuels

Modern LNG receiving terminals are often configured with LNG piping outside of the tank impoundment area with troughs and trenches to capture any releases from such piping. The trenches and troughs are inclined to guide the spill toward a bund, sump or an area that is within impoundment walls...

Over the past few years, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for safety analyses of LNG facilities in the United States has been steadily increasing. However, with the notable exception of offshore terminals, for which the use of CFD models is required by the U.S. Coast Guard, the...

Refinery crude units often process variety of feedstocks. If properties of the feed entering the crude unit are not precisely known, it is difficult to predict how changes in the tower operating conditions will affect properties of the products. Similarly, if on-line analyzers are not available, it...

Process Automation ideas and technologies have been used sporadically for decades. However, in US refineries, automation technologies are still relatively rare. Critics of the technology will often point to complexity, high upkeep, and difficulty in changing the status quo as stumbling blocks to...

Hydrogen is even more important to refiners than it was just a few years ago. Heavier crudes, clean fuels, and increased conversion have increased hydrogen demand. Refiners can face costly choices if forced to adjust refinery operations to respond to hydrogen availability constraints. It is...

It is becoming a widespread norm that refineries are processing an increasing quantity of heavy and sour crudes than ever before. The depleting oil reserves of light sweet crudes have resulted in the need for deeper exploration. Considerable finds in the Orinoco belt of Venezuela, California and...

The amount of heat recovery achieved in the pre-heat train used ahead of the fired heater feeding a crude oil distillation unit does not just affect fuel efficiency of the process by controlling the heating that must be undertaken in the fired heater. It can also affect the fouling encountered...

Today, there is no excuse for not getting five years or more on the run length of refinery preheat exchangers without the need for cleaning. Among the many tools available for fouling mitigation of preheat exchangers, the most overlooked ones involve determining and eliminating the cause. Almost...

There are various NGL(Natural Gas Liquid) recovery units in North America which are designed to recover olefins and NGL components like ethane, propane, butanes etc by processing the off-gas from various sources like the refinery or Petrochemicals Complex. There is an increased demand to install...

CHALLENGES IN USING REFINERY FUEL GAS FEEDSTOCK FOR STEAM REFORMING BASED HYDROGEN PLANT Peter V Broadhurst & Graham Hinton (Johnson Matthey Catalysts, PO Box 1, Belasis Avenue, Billingham, Cleveland TS23 1LB, UK) ABSTRACT Operators of steam reforming based hydrogen plants are seeking feedstock...