Consequence Modeling

Many accidents involve two-phase releases of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere. Rainout results in reduced concentrations in the remaining cloud, but can also lead to extended cloud duration because of re-evaporation of the rained-out liquid. For accurate hazard assessment one must accurately...

Deflagration to detonation transitions (DDT) were previously observed in a set of large-scale unconfined vapor cloud explosion (VCE) tests involving ethylene-air mixtures in a moderately congested environment. The test rig congested region was 48 feet long by 12 wide by 6 feet high, with a regular...

An explosion occurred in the boiler room of a food processing plant as the steam generation system was coming online after a maintenance shutdown. The explosion shattered the case of the condensate return pump fatally injuring an employee, while another employee was burned by the escaping steam...

Many flammable products are usually stored in large vessels at atmospheric pressure. Ignition of an hydrocarbon-air mixture in such tanks can lead to an explosion and cause lethal casualties, as in 2006 at Partridge-Raleigh oilfield, USA, or damage the surrounding facilities and buildings. To...

This paper describes the Consequence Modeling of Chlorine release from a Chlor Alkali plant as a part of Process Hazard Analysis. The objective was to carry out a Quantitative Risk Assessment Study of the liquid Chlorine storage area of the Chlor Alkali plant and build up in-house capability to...

The methodologies in the chapter on “Dispersion Modeling” in the CCPS book Guidelines for Consequence Analysis of Chemical Releases, provide means for modeling outdoors releases at relatively long distances from a large source. At times it is necessary to model releases at relatively short...

The American Petroleum Institute (API) developed Recommended Practice (RP) 753 to provide guidance for siting portable buildings in petrochemical processing plants. It identifies analysis methods for siting portable buildings and provides siting distance guidance for vapor cloud explosion hazards...

LOPA, as a semi-quantitative analysis, often provides inconsistent results. This can be due to physical differences between units but often it is due to team's perceptual differences. Initiating event frequency evaluation using guidance tables is more consistent than consequence evaluation where...

Properly specifying electrical equipment for hazardous (classified) areas requires information about certain properties of the materials anticipated to be present. While it is a straight-forward procedure to test a product or stored intermediate in order to establish a Group designation, testing is...