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Venting & Emergency Relief

Current industry, government and public emphasis on containment of hazardous materials make it essential for each plant to reduce and control accidental releases to the atmosphere. When primary containment measures occasionally fail, safe emergency relief and vent become essential to limit incidents’ impact.

Designing LNG Vapor Dispersion Exclusion Zones to Protect the Public

Apr 5, 2012
Jerry Havens
The LNG industry, if not the entire energy industry, may be at a crossroad. Expectation of large shale gas supplies in the United States, with a backdrop of international economies in precarious states, makes more uncertain the promise of major investments in LNG import facilities. Already, a...

Design Challenges in Tankage Modernization

Apr 4, 2012
James Kong
In order to comply with regulation requirements, a refinery needs to perform major revamps to produce different grades of Diesel, namely ULSD, Off-road Grade and Regular Diesel. The existing tankage allocation needs to be changed to accommodate the hydrotreater feed components and the new products...

Working Under Pressure (How do you manage pressure hazards?)

Apr 4, 2012
Dr. Angela E. Summers
Industry is increasingly moving towards utilizing High Integrity Protective Systems (HIPS) to reduce flare loading and prevent the environmental impact of pressure venting. HIPS are becoming the option of choice to help alleviate the need to replace major portions of the flare system in existing...

Explosions in Transformer and Circuit-Breaker Tanks Due to Arcing Events

Apr 4, 2012
Timothy L. Morse
Industrial transformers and circuit breakers operate with large voltage differences between current-carrying internal components and the grounded tank walls. A breakdown in the dielectric strength of the insulating oil in the tank due to contamination or other causes can lead to the formation of an...

Best Practice for An Evergreening Pressure Relief Systems Management Program

Mar 14, 2011
Nitin Talreja
Most oil and gas refining and petrochemical organizations have a Process Safety Management (PSM) program that stems from the requirements outlined under OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.119. Some have a very extensive program that covers most of the 14 elements of PSM and is managed via an integrated platform...

Improvement of BLEVE Overpressure Method Using Historical Data

Mar 13, 2011
Fei Chen
The current CCPS/TNO's BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) overpressure methodology is derived from that published by Baker in 1975. This methodology assumes isentropic expansion work and uses Baker's graphical method and high-explosive correlation to calculate BLVE energy and...

On the Potential of Mitigating Vapour Cloud Explosions Using Flame Inhibitors

Mar 13, 2011
Kees Van Wingerden
Very few measures are taken to mitigate the possible consequences of vapour cloud explosions. The main attention is given to prediction of the consequences, which is used to consider strengthening structurally or re-locate occupied buildings such as control rooms. However little is undertaken to...

Kinetic Modeling of the Reactions Involved in the T2 Explosion

Mar 13, 2011
Ronald J. Willey
The runaway reaction at the chemical preparation facility called T2 laboratories in Jacksonville, Florida on December 19, 2007 is analyzed. The approached involved estimating kinetic parameters based on temperature time traces presented in the CSB final report for ARSST (Advance Reactive System...

Results of Root Cause Analyses of Spring Operated Pressure Relief Valve Failures

Mar 22, 2010
Julia V. Bukowski
A subset of 44 failed spring operated pressure relief valves (SORV) from a set of over 5600 Process Equipment Reliability Database (PERD) proof tests was subjected to root cause of failure analysis (RCA). This paper reports on the findings of those 44 analyses and includes specific examples of root...

Dust or Gas Explosion: Case Study of Dryer Explosion and Design Venting

Mar 21, 2010
Scott Davis
A recent explosion occurred in a single burner, recirculating solids ring dryer. No one was reported injured as a result of the explosion, however the explosion caused significant damage to the dryer and minor damage to sections of the facility. Despite the dryer having been designed with seven...

Fires, Explosions and Reactive Chemicals

Apr 27, 2009
James VanOmmeren, Lina R. Saenz
The analysis, prevention, protection and mitigation of fire, explosion, and reactivity hazards continue to be important to the loss prevention community. This session contains papers that identify, characterize, or offer design and operational guidance on fire, explosion and reactivity hazards...

Safe Design and Operation of Process Vents and Emission Control Systems

March, 2006
Process vent header collection systems are subject to continually varying compositions and flow rates and thus present significant challenges for safe design. Due to increasingly demanding safety, health, environmental, and property protection requirements, today's industrial designers are faced...

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